There have been calls in Colonel Gaddafi's stronghold, Tripoli, for protests against his rule after Friday prayers. US President Barack Obama has repeated his demand that the embattled ruler resign. In Benghazi, the opposition National Libyan Council said there was no room for talks, following reports that Colonel Gaddafi had ordered an intelligence chief to negotiate with the rebels.

The council is led by former Libyan Interior Minister Mustafa Abdel-Jalil, who defected last month. "If there is any negotiation it will be on one single thing - how Gaddafi is going to leave the country or step down so we can save lives. There is nothing else to negotiate," Ahmed Jabreel, a spokesman for Mr Abdel-Jalil, told Reuters news agency.

The BBC's Kevin Connolly in Benghazi says it appears that neither side has the capacity to move large amounts of manpower or firepower over vast expanses of desert. He says that raises the grim prospect of a military stalemate and a political vacuum after the revolt that began in the east of the country in mid-February. Meaningful talks would be difficult, says our correspondent, because Colonel Gaddafi's only aim is to remain in power and the rebels' goal is to end his 41 years of rule.

The book, Jesus of Nazareth: Holy Week - From the Entrance Into Jerusalem to the Resurrection, is a sequel to his previous book on Jesus' life. The Pope describes the book as a biography of "the final week of Jesus' earthly life."

In the book, Benedict says John's accusation, in which the Gospel writer slams the Jewish People and blames them for Jesus' death, could not be aimed at the entire nation because John, like most Christians of the time, was a Jew himself. Instead, Benedict takes aim at the "Temple Aristocracy," who, the Pope says, ran the Temple and ruled the Jewish people in the latter days of the Second Temple era.

In the Christian Bible's account of Jesus' trial, this 'Temple Aristocracy' is described as being "the chief priests and Sanhedrin." The Temple and Sanhedrin were dominated by the Sadducees, led by the high priest Caiaphas, in the Gospel accounts. Despite this, Christians have long blamed the Jewish people - then popularly led by the Pharisees who fathered Rabbinic Judaism - for Jesus' death.

Benedict's silence on the Holocaust, support for certain Traditionalist Catholic positions regarding Vatican II, and the tacit backing of bishops who have made anti-Semitic statements has led many to speculate that Benedict would roll back the clock on interfaith relations, especially as they pertain to Israel and the Jewish people. But, while Benedict's book has created a stir in the Christian world, especially among Protestants and Traditionalist Catholics, the Pope's position is neither novel nor unique.

In response to Benedict's new book, Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu sent a letter to the Pope on Thursday praising him for "rejecting false claims that have formed the basis of hatred against Jews for years."

There were a series of energy crises between 1967 and 1979 caused by problems in the Middle East but the most significant started in 1973 when Arab oil producers imposed an embargo. The decision to boycott America and punish the west in response to support for Israel in the Yom Kippur war against Egypt led the price of crude to rise from $3 per barrel to $12 by 1974. The price of petrol rocketed, making all transport more expensive. There was even talk in Britain of rationing using coupons left over from the second world war.

The Conservative government, led by Ted Heath, was already struggling to cope with high food prices caused by global shortages. This fed into an inflation rate that hit more than 25% (by comparison, inflation in January 2011 was at 4%, double the Bank of England's current target of a 2% inflation rate). Trade unions submitted claims for higher wages to keep up with rising prices, which led to confrontation with the miners, the introduction of a three-day week and ultimately the fall of the Tories in a general election of February 1974.

A Labour government under Harold Wilson took power but faced a collapse in corporate profits and stock market values. Burmah Oil, a big name in the energy sector, had to be rescued by the Bank of England after running into problems. But the wider oil industry in Britain was a notable winner at this time as money was poured into the North Sea on the back of high crude oil prices, allowing the UK to eventually become a net exporter.

Skyrocketing food prices have been among the triggers for protests in Egypt, Tunisia and elsewhere and raised fears of a repeat of the food price crises in 2007 and 2008. Global oil prices have spiked on concerns about the potential impact of supply disruptions from Libya. The Food and Agriculture Organization said in a statement Thursday that its food price index was up 2.2 percent last month, the highest in real and nominal terms since the agency started monitoring prices in 1990.

But contrary to the perversely rosy assessment of America's top leadership, the Muslim Brotherhood - the shadowy, transnational Islamist parent organization of al-Qaida and Hamas - is committed not only to filling the growing leadership vacuum in the Arab world, but also, through its many proxies within the US, to impose the Quran and Shariah law right here in America.

Incredibly, the Muslim Brotherhood is attacking America using the exact same strategy and tactics employed so successfully by the left.

That's right. For decades, while America was furiously fighting communism overseas and struggling to neutralize the threat of nuclear war, the very same Marxist enemy was busily infiltrating America and eating away at its moral foundation like termites - subverting core institutions such as education, the news and entertainment media and even churches. As a direct result, America today increasingly resembles a European-style socialist welfare state - exactly what the Marxists had in mind all along.

Today, while America is focused on the threat of terrorist hijackers, underwear bombers and jihadist "martyrs," it is simultaneously being infiltrated and subverted by jihadists wearing coats and ties, "peacefully" insinuating themselves into our major institutions for the ultimate purpose of imposing Shariah law here. Shariah, Islam's "sacred" 7th century legal system, is best known for chopping off the limbs of shoplifters, publicly flogging people for drinking a beer, executing those who leave Islam, stoning women to death for adultery, and even - believe it or not - lashing and imprisoning women and girls who were victims of rape.

The non-profit Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) on Wednesday published documents it obtained from the Department of Homeland Security showing that from 2006 to 2008 the agency planned a study of of new anti-terrorism technologies that EPIC believes raise serious privacy concerns. The projects range from what the DHS describes as "a walk through x-ray screening system that could be deployed at entrances to special events or other points of interest" to "covert inspection of moving subjects" employing the same backscatter imaging technology currently used in American airports.

The 173-page collection of contracts and reports, acquired through a Freedom of Information Act request, includes contracts with Siemens Corporations, Northeastern University, and Rapiscan Systems. The study was expected to cost more than $3.5 million.

One project allocated to Northeastern University and Siemens would mount backscatter x-ray scanners and video cameras on roving vans, along with other cameras on buildings and utility poles, to monitor groups of pedestrians, assess what they carried, and even track their eye movements. In another program, the researchers were asked to develop a system of long range x-ray scanning to determine what metal objects an individual might have on his or her body at distances up to thirty feet.

"This would allow them to take these technologies out of the airport and into other contexts like public streets, special events and ground transit," says Ginger McCall, an attorney with EPIC. "It's a clear violation of the fourth amendment that's very invasive, not necessarily effective, and poses all the same radiation risks as the airport scans."

Over 77,300 people have crossed east from Libya into Egypt, most of them Egyptians, while a similar number have fled west from Libya into Tunisia, she said. Another 30,000 more were still waiting in Libya at the border, trying to get into Tunisia. She said Libyan strongman Muammar Gaddafi's forces appear to be targeting Egyptians and Tunisians, apparently thinking they are the main trigger of the uprising against Gaddafi's 42-year-old regime. Authoritarian regimes in both neighboring countries have been toppled in the last two months by a wave of popular protests.

"There are many, many terrified refugees" in the Libyan capital of Tripoli who are too afraid to move for fear they will be killed, Fleming told the AP.

Some Somali and Eritrean workers around Benghazi, Libya's second largest city which is now under the control of opposition forces, are also feeling "hunted" as they are being mistaken for mercenaries hired by Gaddafi, she said. Human Rights Watch warned that fleeing African workers were "particularly under threat due to popular anger" over Gaddafi's mercenaries.

As border crossings were overwhelmed with mostly young men, UN experts warned that fast action was needed to protect and feed them before a humanitarian crisis or riots broke out. Angelina Jolie, a UN goodwill ambassador for refugees, appealed Wednesday for all nations to give people safe passage, evacuation if needed, and ensure they have asylum.

The latest sell-off was triggered by the arrest of a Shi'ite cleric in the Kingdom's Eastern Province after he called for democratic reforms and a constitutional monarchy. The province is home to Saudi Arabia's aggrieved Shi'ite minority and also holds the country's vast Ghawar oilfield, placing it at the epicentre of global crude supply.

"Unrest in this region can have fatal consequences for the world," said JBC Energy. "The plunge on the Saudi stock exchange can be interpreted as a sign of waning trust." In Bahrain, the island nation's Sunni elite holds sway over a Shi'ite majority that is denied key jobs and has a token political voice, making it a trial run for Saudi Arabia's near-identical tensions in the Eastern Province.

Bahraini dissidents have so far been much bolder, prompting a bloody crackdown last month when at least seven people were shot by the military. The ruling family - under intense pressure from Washington to stop the killings - has since held out an olive branch to protesters and let the radical Haq leader Hassan Mushaima return from exile, yet the crisis is far from contained.

My Mushaima said on Wednesday that protesters have "the right to appeal for help from Iran" if Saudi military units interfere in the struggle. Tanks were seen crossing the 17-mile causeway from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain on Tuesday. Whatever the hopes in the West, Mr Abi Ali said the Mid-East is now in the vortex of multiple uprisings that will create turmoil for years and destabilise oil supply for a long time. "The Arab world is not going to start behaving like the Swiss," he said.

He then sacked the governors of five provinces where anti-regime protests have been raging, mostly in the regions that made former South Yemen. An official announcement said Saleh has removed the governors of Aden, Lahij and Abyan in the south, as well as Hadramut in the southeast and Hudayda in the west.

Saleh's opponents massed from early morning in streets leading to a square near Sanaa University, where students and pro-democracy demonstrators have been camped for more than a week."The people want Ali Abdullah Saleh to leave," the protesters chanted. "The people want to overthrow the regime." Many of the protesters marched in white shrouds reading: "Either we live happily or we die as martyrs."

Several opposition figures addressed the anti-government rally, including leading cleric Abdul Majeed al-Zendani, who is identified as a "global terrorist" by Washington. Zendani said that the protest movement sweeping the Arab world was "a new, effective, fast, and non-destructive means of changing regimes."

Consider this: When a South Korean wine wholesaler wants to import Chilean cabernet, the Korean importer buys US dollars, not pesos, with which to pay the Chilean exporter. Indeed, the dollar is virtually the exclusive vehicle for foreign-exchange transactions between Chile and Korea, despite the fact that less than 20% of the merchandise trade of both countries is with the US.

Chile and Korea are hardly an anomaly: Fully 85% of foreign-exchange transactions world-wide are trades of other currencies for dollars. What's more, what is true of foreign-exchange transactions is true of other international business. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries sets the price of oil in dollars. The dollar is the currency of denomination of half of all international debt securities. More than 60% of the foreign reserves of central banks and governments are in dollars.

The greenback, in other words, is not just America's currency. It's the world's. But as astonishing as that is, what may be even more astonishing is this: The dollar's reign is coming to an end. I believe that over the next 10 years, we're going to see a profound shift toward a world in which several currencies compete for dominance. The impact of such a shift will be equally profound, with implications for, among other things, the stability of exchange rates, the stability of financial markets, the ease with which the US will be able to finance budget and current-account deficits, and whether the Fed can follow a policy of benign neglect toward the dollar.

In this new monetary world, moreover, the US government will not be able to finance its budget deficits so cheaply, since there will no longer be as big an appetite for US Treasury securities on the part of foreign central banks. Nor will the US be able to run such large trade and current-account deficits, since financing them will become more expensive.

My calculations suggest that the dollar will have to fall by roughly 20%. Because the prices of imported goods will rise in the US, living standards will be reduced by about 1.5% of GDP - $225 billion in today's dollars. That is the equivalent to a half-year of normal economic growth. While this is not an economic disaster, Americans will definitely feel it in the wallet. On the other hand, the next time the US has a real-estate bubble, we won't have the Chinese helping us blow it.

"President Obama," Farrakhan said, "if you allow the Zionists to push you, to mount a military offensive against Gaddafi and you go in and kill him and his sons, as you did with Saddam Hussein and his sons... I'm warning you this is a Libyan problem, let the Libyans solve their problem among themselves." Farrakhan called Muammar Gaddafi "my brother and my friend."

The Nation of Islam leader also accused American Zionists of attempting to push Israel into war with Iran, stating that "Zionists dominate the government of the United States of America and her banking system. Some of you think that I'm just somebody who's got something out for the Jewish people," Farrakhan said. "You're stupid. Do you think I would waste my time if I did not think it was important for you to know Satan? My job is to pull the cover off of Satan so that he will never deceive you and the people of the world again."

ADL National Director Abe Foxman said in response that, "Anti-Semitism has suffused the Nation of Islam's message, and Farrakhan is the standard bearer and bigot in chief... Perhaps what's more disturbing is that despite his anti-Semitic rants, he has not been made a pariah in his own community. What does it take for him to stop being a pied piper of hatred?"

American officials expressed concern about the statement of the cleric, Abdul Majid al-Zindani, a onetime mentor of Osama bin Laden, which introduced a new Islamist element to the turmoil in a country where Al Qaeda is viewed as a grave threat. The protests that toppled leaders in Tunisia and Egypt and that now have spread to Libya, Bahrain and Oman have been largely secular in nature.

Mr Zindani spoke on an open-air stage before several thousand antigovernment protesters, guarded by 10 men carrying AK-47s and shielded from the scorching sun by two umbrellas wielded by aides. "An Islamic state is coming," he said, drawing cries of "God is great" from some in the crowd. He said Mr Saleh "came to power by force, and stayed in power by force, and the only way to get rid of him is through the force of the people."

A collapse of the government in Yemen would pose a serious threat to Saudi Arabia, Yemen's far wealthier neighbor to the north, Mr Krajeski said. "If I'm sitting in Riyadh and looking south, I would be very, very worried," he said.

German President Wulff had planned to visit Bahrain this month to broaden the two countries' mutual relations. In light of the Bahraini repressive forces' disreputable massacre of demonstrators, the German president canceled his visit at the last minute. Bahrain has a particular importance to the West as a military base. Bahrain serves as a base for operations in Afghanistan and for the coordination of western military interventions off the coast of the Horn of Africa.

Germany is contributing to Bahrain's arms buildup, most recently with the delivery of submachine guns and ammunition, such as were recently used to suppress the protests. Over the next few days the Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff will be visiting the Gulf States to coordinate the next steps to be taken. As Saudi Arabia declared in connection with the upcoming visit, the Saudi government will intervene "with all its capabilities" to keep the al-Khalifah clan in power. This frees the West to apply the PR measure of calling for moderation toward the protests, without running the risk of losing its feudal partner regime.

Bahrain's significance for western geostrategic planning lies not so much in its oil deposits, which are much smaller than those of other Gulf monarchies and due to be depleted in about 25 years. It derives more from its role as a military base, since Great Britain began to construct its base in its protectorate in 1935. When Bahrain became independent and the British Navy withdrew in 1971, the US Navy took over the facilities. Today, it is the home of the US Fifth Fleet's headquarters, which has the task of insuring US control over the Middle East's regional resources and the maritime routes leading toward the Mediterranean. This assures Bahrain an important function not just in the US, but also in the German ruling concepts.

The assessment that Germany uses the military base in Bahrain and equips its military forces must be made more precise. Berlin - like Washington - cooperates with the al-Khalifah clan that has feudally ruled over the island nation since 1783. Bahrain had belonged to the Persian Empire, until the island was conquered in the 18th century by the clan currently in power. Even today, seventy percent of Bahrain's citizens are Shiite Muslims, whose base of power is in Iran.

The chairman of the Moscow Patriarchate's Department of External Church Relations noted that "today there is a bad need for a 'strategic alliance' between Orthodox believers and Catholics, members of the ancient eastern Churches, traditional Protestants, that is to say all those who defend true Christian values - the family, children's upbringing, indissolubility of marriage, the value of human life from inception until death," Interfax reported Monday.

He noted that these values are being "totally reviewed, and we must oppose this. Otherwise," the Orthodox leader said, "both Russia and the Christian civilization in general will over [not so much] time lose their 'salt,' lose their image and remain just a subject of study for historians and archeologists." As a solution to these problems, he underlined an initiative by Patriarch Kirill that aims to fight abortion, support families with many children, help orphans and pass new legislation to protect families and youth.

The withdrawal of the ban on Ennahda was one of the demands raised by protesters who brought down the unpopular government headed by former President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. Ennahda's supremo Rachid Ghannouchi returned to the country only last month after living in exile abroad for over 20 years. The 69-year old was greeted on his arrival by legions which showed the group's wide acceptability among the Tunisian people.

It was on the lines of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood that Ennahda was founded by Ghannouchi in 1981. But Ghannouchi has been quoted in media reports as saying that the Islamists had no plans to field a candidate for the post of President.